Collaborative Product Development

         CPD is a business strategy, work process and collection of software applications that facilitates different organizations to work together on the development of a product. It is also known as collaborative product definition management (cPDM). Collaborative Product Development helps individual users and companies manage, share and view your CAD projects without the cost and complexity of purchasing an entire PDM or PLM solution. CPD comes in the form of a Software as a service delivery model, which allows for rapid iterations and little or no downloads and installs. Exactly what technology comes under this title does vary depending on whom one asks; however, it usually consists of the Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) areas of: Product Data Management (PDM); Product visualization; team collaboration and conferencing tools; and supplier sourcing software. It is generally accepted as not including CAD geometry tools, but does include data translation technology.


Technologies and methods used:

 Clearly general collaborative software such as email and chat (instant messaging) is used within the CPD process. One important technology is application and desktop sharing, allowing one person to view what another person is doing on a remote machine. For CAD and product visualization applications  product that supports OpenGL graphics is required. Another common application is Data sharing via Web based portals.

Technological Implication

        Convergent solutions include both fixed-line and mobile technologies. Recent examples of new, convergent services include: Using the Internet for voice telephony Video on demand Fixed-mobile convergence Mobile-to-mobile convergence DEPT OF CSE & IT VSSUT, Burla Location-based services Integrated products and bundles Convergent technologies can integrate the fixed-line with mobile to deliver convergent solutions. Convergent technologies include: IP Multimedia Subsystem Session Initiation Protocol IPTV Voice over IP Voice call continuity Digital video broadcasting - handheld

Technological Convergence

        Technological convergence is the tendency that as technology changes, different technological systems sometimes evolve toward performing similar tasks. Digital convergence refers to the convergence of four industries into one conglomerate, ITTCE (Information Technologies, Telecommunication, Consumer Electronics, and Entertainment).Previously separate technologies such as voice data and productivity applications, and video can now share resources and interact with each other synergistically. Telecommunications convergence, network convergence or simply convergence are broad terms used to describe emerging telecommunications technologies, and network architecture used to migrate multiple communications services into a single network. Convergence in this instance is defined as the interlinking of computing and other information technologies, media content, and communication networks that has arisen as the result of the evolution and popularization of the Internet as well as the activities, products and services that have emerged in the digital media space. Convergent services, such as VoIP, IPTV, Mobile TV, Smart TV, and others, tend to replace the older technologies and thus can disrupt markets. IP-based convergence is inevitable and will result in new service and new demand in the market.

Convergence

     is a coming together of two or more distinct entities or phenomena. Convergence is increasingly prevalent in the IT world; in this context the term refers to the combination of two or more different technologies in a single device. Taking pictures with a cell phone and surfing the Web on a television are two of the most common examples of this trend.


Convergence may influence consumers to accept new technologies. According to some studies, people who aren't computer literate are more likely to embrace the Internet, video-on-demand, and so on if they can -- at least initially -- access these technologies through their televisions. In general, TV is familiar and non-threatening. Displays are large and TVs are easy to operate, requiring almost no training. Personal computers, in spite of their graphical user interfaces ( GUI ) tend to be more text-oriented, highly interactive, oriented in terms of purpose and content toward business and education uses. Displays are smaller. Computers can be very challenging to use and usually require formal education or a certain personal learning curve.

Computer-television convergence is already underway with WebTV , which pipes the World Wide Web to a slightly-modified TV set with a set-top box from an ordinary phone line and provides a degree of interactivity. A number of interactive games designed for the TV environment can also be played over the Internet. Broadcasting companies such as NBC have partnered with computer companies such as Microsoft for TV program content.

A major barrier to more rapid convergence is the large investment required to bring cable TV to households, both by cable access providers and individual households. Satellitewireless service is another approach that is only beginning to bring its subscribers access to the Internet. Digital Subscriber Line ( DSL ) technologies offer the possibility of sufficientbandwidth connections over ordinary phone wires for streaming video to TV sets.

A consortium of leading computer and telecommunication companies including Compaq, IBM, and Microsoft are working toward common standards that will help speed up convergence and hope to sponsor a standard for a relatively low-cost digital TV . They have endorsed a subset of the recommendations of the Advanced Television System Committee (ATSC) that would speed up a transition to digital TV and so that personal computers could have the ability to receive digital video and data.

Web Security

           It is a branch of Information Security that deals specifically with security of websites, web applications and web services. At a high level, Web application security draws on the principles of application security but applies them specifically to Internet and Web systems. Typically web applications are developed using programming languages such as PHP, Java EE, Java, Python, Ruby, ASP.NET, C#, VB.NET or Classic ASP.

Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a technical standard for accessing information over a mobile wireless network. A WAP browser is a web browser for mobile devices such as mobile phones that uses the protocol.

Before the introduction of WAP, mobile service providers had limited opportunities to offer interactive data services, but needed interactivity to support Internet and Web applications such as:

Email by mobile phone
Tracking of stock-market prices
Sports results
News headlines
Music downloads

Advantages of Internet

There many advantages to using the internet such as: 

E-mail 

            Email is now an essential communication tool in business. It is also excellent for keeping in touch with family and friends. The advantage to email is that it is free ( no charge per use) when compared to telephone, fax and postal services.

Information 

            There is a huge amount of information available on the internet for just about every subject known to man, ranging from government law and services, trade fairs and conferences, market information, new ideas and technical support.

Services

            Many services are now provided on the internet such as online banking, job seeking and applications, and hotel reservations. Often these services are not available off-line or cost more.

Buy or sell products.

            The internet is a very effective way to buy and sell products all over the world.

Communities

            Communities of all types have sprung up on the internet. Its a great way to meet up with people of similar interest and discuss common issues.

A Leading-Edge Image 

            Presenting your company or organization as leading-edge shows your customers and prospective customers that you are financially strong, technologically savvy, and ready for the 21st century. And that you care enough about your customers to take advantage of new technologies for their benefit. And finally that you have the resources to support your clients in the most beneficial manner possible. More and more advertisers on television, radio, magazines, and newspapers are including a Web address. Now is the time to avoid playing catch-up later.

Improved Customer Service 

           The companies are available to their customers 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The Internet never sleeps. Whenever customer needs information about any company, products or services, they can access the company‘s Web Page.

Market Expansion 

           The Internet is a global system. Latest estimates are that there are about 40 million people with access to the Internet, and this number is growing every day. By simply posting a Web Page you are also addressing International markets. 

Low Cost Marketing 

            Imagine developing a full color brochure without having to incur the costs of proofs, printers, wasted paper, long lead times between revisions, and more. Then imagine a full color product or services brochure that is interactive and which incorporates text, graphics, audio, and/or video. One that can be immediately updated without incurring the usual costs of product material updates.

Low Cost Selling 

           Without the cost of direct selling potential customers can get detailed information about your products or services at any time. And they can easily order your products over the Internet, or request additional information be sent to them via a request form on your Web page.

Lower Communication Costs 

Your time, and your employees time, is valuable. Most businesses and organizations spend time answering the same questions over and over again. With a Web page you can make the answers DEPT OF CSE & IT VSSUT, Burla available to everyone immediately. You can also update your Wed page with new information quickly and easily

Internet Business

ADVANTAGES OF  USING THE INTERNET

There are many advantages of using the Internet, such as : Global Audience Content published on the World Wide Web is immediately available to a global audience of users. This makes the World Wide Web a very cost-effective medium to publish information. Reaching more than 190 countries.  Operates 24 hours, 7  days  a week You don't need to wait until resources are available to conduct business. From a consumer's perspective as well as a provider's business can be consummated at any time. The fact that the Internet is operational at all times makes it the most efficient business machine to date.  Relatively Inexpensive It is relatively inexpensive to publish information on the Internet. At a fraction of the cost to publish information by traditional methods, various organizations and individuals can now distribute information to millions of users. It costs only a few thousand dollars to establish an Internet presence and publish content on the Internet.  Product Advertising You can use the World Wide Web to advertise various products. Before purchasing a product, customers will be able to look up various product specification sheets and find out additional information. You can use the multimedia capabilities of the World Wide Web to make available not only various product specification sheets but also audio files, images, and even video clips of products in action. The beauty of the Web is that it allows customers to explore products in as much detail as they desire. If the client just wants a general overview, he or she can look at the advertising information. For those wanting more in depth information, you can provide white papers and product descriptions for download. The Web allows a business to provide timely information, you can simply place the information on the Web page and it is available immediately for your customers.  Distribute Product Catalogs The World Wide Web is a very effective medium for distributing product catalogs. In the old days, putting together a product catalog  used to be very costly in terms of time and money needed to publish and distribute it. The World Wide Web changes all this by allowing content developers to put together a sales catalog and make it available to  millions of users immediately. Furthermore,  unlike printed product catalogs that are usually updated around once a month, product catalogs on the World Wide Web can be updated as needed to respond to  various changing market conditions.  Online Surveys Traditional methods of performing surveys are often relatively slow and expensive compared to online surveys conducted on the Internet. For example, in order to fill out various needs of customers or what they would like to see in a future product, it's often necessary to compile a list of  address and mail a questionnaire to many customers. The success of such an attempt is not always guaranteed and can be very costly in terms of mailing the questionnaires and entering responses to a databases and analyzing it. On the other hand, you can use the World Wide Web to automate the whole process. For example, you can set up a CGI script to conduct online surveys. Results of such a survey can be automatically updated to a database. This database can then be  used to keep a pulse on various opinions and needs of customers.  Announcements With the World Wide Web, you can distribute various announcements to millions of users in a timely manner. Because there is virtually no time lag from the time it takes to publish information to making the information available to users, the Web is an ideal medium to publicize announcements. As more people discover the virtues of the Web and get connected to the Internet, the Web will become the medium of choice for many organizations and individuals to publicize various announcements.	Provide Technical Support You can also use Web site to provide technical support to users. Because Web pages can be updated immediately with  new information, various technical support literature can be immediately modified in light of new findings and developments. This can be accomplished without having to distribute changes to all users affected by any changes using traditional mediums of information distribution, which are often quite costly compared to the World Wide Web. Create Online Discussion Forums By using applications such as WebBoard, it's possible to set up online discussion forums on the Web.  Obtain Customer Feedback The interactive nature of the World Wide Web  is ideal for obtaining customer feedback. You can easily set up a CGI script to obtain customer feedback about a product or service. Because customer feedback submitted by customers can be read immediately, it's possible to respond to various customer concerns in a timely manner, increasing customer satisfaction and quality of customer service.  Immediate Distribution of Information When information is added to a Web site, it's immediately available for browsing by millions of Internet users. The World Wide Web is an ideal medium of information distribution because it takes away the time lag associated with publishing content and actually making it available to users  Easy Integration with Internal Information Systems Internet information systems deployed on the Internet  can be easily integrated with internal information systems managed with office productivity applications such as Microsoft Office.  Powerful Content Publishing Tools A new breed of Internet aware applications will start emerging in software stores by the time you read this. These applications will enable users to develop content for the World Wide Web by simply saving as an HTML file. In addition to software developers making existing applications Internet aware, various new, powerful, and easy-to use Internet content publishing applications are also being developed. These applications will make the task of publishing content on the Internet even easier. Most of these applications are developed for  Windows users.  Multimedia The capability to incorporate multimedia into Web pages is a major advantage of using World Wide Web to publish information. For example, many Web sites use sounds and video clips to make the content easier and more interesting to browse.  Formatting Capabilities Content published on the World Wide Web can be richly formatted by using various HTML tags and graphic formats. The capability to do this is a major reason for the success of the World Wide Web. In addition to using HTML tags and various multimedia formats in Web pages, various interactive controls can also be added to a web page. This capability allows Web  site content developers to create "active" Web sites. For example, before a user sends some information to a Web server for processing, a VBScript or JavaScript subroutine can be used to verify  information typed in by the user. Various formatting capabilities,  along with technologies such as Java and VBScript, make the World Wide Web a richly interactive medium that you can use to distribute information to millions of users.

G2C (Government to Citizen) is a term that refers to the relationships between organizations (subjects) of public administration and a citizen(s).

G2C (Government to Citizen) is a term that refers to the relationships between organizations (subjects) ofpublic administration and a citizen(s). The designation can be used for any relationship between the subject of public administration and the citizen, most often it is used as one of the basic relationship within e-Government models. The initiative comes from a federal organization (public administration) and citizensare the target group.

Business-to-Government (B2G)

Definition - What does Business-to-Government (B2G) mean?

Business-to-government (B2G) is a business model that refers to businesses selling products, services or information to governments or government agencies.

B2G networks or models provide a way for businesses to bid on government projects or products that governments might purchase or need for their organizations. This can encompass public sector organizations that propose the bids. B2G activities are increasingly being conducted via the Internet through real-time bidding. 

B2G is also referred to as public sector marketing

Electronic governance or e-governance is the application of information and communication technology (ICT) for delivering government services, exchange of information communication transactions, integration of various stand-alone systems and services between government-to-customer (G2C), government-to-business (G2B), government-to-government (G2G) as well as back office processes and interactions within the entire government framework.[1] Through e-governance, government services will be made available to citizens in a convenient, efficient and transparent manner. The three main target groups that can be distinguished in governance concepts are government, citizens and businesses/interest groups. In e-governance there are no distinct boundaries.[2]
Generally four basic models are available – government-to-citizen (customer), government-to-employees, government-to-government and government-to-business.[2]